Meter



R. F. SCHUCHARDT.

MEIER. Arms/(non man JULY 5. m9.

Patented Mar. 1, 1921.

9 SHEETS-SHEET I WWY'M dAQ/JW R. F. cHucHARnT. METER.

. APPLICATION FILED JULY 5, I919. Patented Man 1 R. F. SCHUCHARDT.

METER.

APPLICATION HLED sun 5, m9.

1,370, 161 Patented Mar. 1, 1921.

9 SHEETS-SHEET 4- R. F. SCHUCHARDT.

METER. APPLICATION FILED JULY 5,19'9.

1,370,161, Patented Mar. 1,1921.

xii 0 R. F. SCHUCHARDT.

METER.

APPLICATION FILED JULY 5. I919.

1,370,1 61L Patented Mar. 1, 1921.

9 SHEETSSHEEI 6 R. F. SCH UCHARDT METER.

APPLICATION FILED JULY 5,1919.

1,370, 1 6 1 Patented Mar. 1, 1921.

9 SHEETS-SHEET 7.

19 7.56 539 7.50 448 PE 925 894 w 650 5 4545 4.

R. F. SCHUCHARDT.

METER.

APPLICATlUN HLED HJLY 5,1919. 1,370,161 Patented Mar. 1, 1921.

9 SHEETS-SHEET B.

R. F. SCHUCHARDT.

METER.

APPLICATION FILED JULY 5.

- Patented Mar. 1,1921.

9 SHiET S-SHEE'I 9- UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

. nunonrn r. scnnonann'r, or canned, rumors.

' rrnrna.

To all whom z'fl may concern:

Be it known that-I, RUDOLPH F. Sonoonan'o'r, a citizen of the United States resid' at Chicago, in the county of (look and ta e of Illinois, have invented a certain new and useful Improvement in' Meters, of which the following is a full, clear, concise, and exact description, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, formin a part of this specification.

y invention relates to meters. The consumer of electric power is charged in general upon the broad basis of the service which he requires from the central station.

The primary measure of the charge is based on the amount of power used, but this has generally not been considered re resentative of the service which he obtains, and other items have been taken into account. One of these items involves the rate at which i the power is drawn or the demand that he makes upon the central station. Another item that is generally taken into account in the case of alternating current systems is the character of the current that is drawn, which is described in terms of power factor.

Hence, taking the above items into account, it would be desirable to have means for determining, indicating, and recording the following quantities:

1. The total. amount of power drawn either in kilowatts or kilovolt amperes.

2. The average power factor at which the load is drawn and j 3. The maximum demand in terms of kilowatts or kilovolt amperes for. a typical period such as a half hour.

With regard to the first and thirdpoints, it would be. desirableto have the meterre;

7 'cordboth in KWas' well as in KVA. In

the same mannerit is desirable to record the maximum demand in terms of KVA as well as in KW. I

In my co endingapplication, Serial No. 264,533 file Nov. 29. 1918,-I have shown mechanism and, a method of recording the total amount of power drawnm terms 0f KW, the a-verage' power factor at which it is drawn and the maximum demand in terms not KWV. I

In orderto for-ma correct estimate of the nature of the load it. is necessa to com, bine the power factor with the K load in rdsr to -fix pr p r. charg 1 ;;Hg1-etofore, no su table means has been Specification of Letters Patent.

Application filed July 5, 1018. Serial In. 808,706.

0rd made where Patented Mar. 1, 1921.

provided for measuring total KVA or for measuring maximum demand in terms terms-of KVA the maximum demand and the total amount of power used. My invention also provides means for measuring and indicating at the same time the total KW and the maximum demand in KW. The same means may be employed for measuring and indicating the average power-factor and the power factor over a given period such as a half hour during which the maximum demand is measured.

In order to acquaint those skilled in the art with the manner of constructing and practising my invention, a detailed description of a device embodying the invention will now be given in connection with the accompanying drawings.

Figured is a diagrammatic layout of a system embodying my invention for indicating maximum demand in terms of KVA for a given'period;

ig. 2 is a diagrammatic sectional view taken on the line 2-2 of Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 is a similar view taken on the line 3 3 of Fig. 1; i

Fig. 4 is a similar view taken on the line 4+4 of Fig. 1

Figs. 5 and Fig. 5 shown as two parts of a system consist of a diagrammatic layout o my invention as applied to a three phase line and providing means for recording the -fieriodi'c demand in terms of KVA and in i factor for the g ven period.

Fig. fi indic ates dia rammatically another grams;

Fig, 12 is a diagram of a modification ing cylinder shown in- Fig.5;

W and for recordingthe power-' showing means for recording the periodic value of.KVA power factor KW reactive component and the total of KVA, kW,;and reactive components.

Fig. 18 is a fragmentary view of the recdperiodic KVA and total KVA are recorde showlng the record made when 14 is a similar fragmentary yiew riodic KVA total KVA are recorded;

Fig. 15 is a diagrammatic layout of an indicatlng KVA meter embodying my invention' Fig. 16 is a further modification showing an indicating meter embodying the invention; I

Fi 17 is a chart or diagram explanatory of Fig. 16 and explanatory of the theory of measuring KVA;

Fig. 18 is a fra entary view of the record made where t e two components are periodically recordedin terms of demand, together with the power factor and the pe riodic KVA, together with the accumulated values of the various periodic values;

Fig. 19 is a similar view showing the values differently placed on the strip;

Fig. 20 is a diagrammatic layout of a further modification, and

Fig. 21 is a fragmentary view of the chart and pointer employed in the same.

The means which I provide is preferably of the same general character as described in my above mentioned copending application for measuring power factor. The invention may be practised in many different forms and is not necessaril limited to the details shown and described: Preferably I provide two wattmeter elements of the integrating type as the responsive element in the line, one of these wattmeters being responsive to (power component of the current flowing, an the other being responsive to wattless component of the current flowing.

I provide a cylinder having means on its face for indicatlng KVA in accordance with the axial and rotary position of the cylinder. The cylinder is moved axially to represent the response of' the one wattmeter element to the power component and to be moved rotarily to represent the response of the other, wattmeter element to the reactive component. The cylinder may obviously be moved in opposite relation by the res ective power factor and wattmeter elements. The surface of t 0 cylinder is divided into minute fields preferably on rectangular coiirdinates to provide separate fields upon which may be inscribed or otherwise indicated the corresponding values of KVA or power factor or any other quantities as by suitable numerals or other indicating or recording means. The cylinder may be provided with indications for.

indicating or recording the value of other geometric or trigonometric functions of the variables which the wattmeter elements are responsive.

A plane surface or any other surface may betprovlded instead of a c lindrical surface an either the surface itse f may be moved or two indicating members operating preferably in different directions to each other and having an intersection which constitute their reference point may be moved across the field to indicate such values. If desired the reference oint ma be moved in one direction and t e chart 1n another. In any event the chart is graduated in two dimensions and relative motion of the chart and the reference point may be secured in any preferred manner.

Considering first, Figs. 9 .to 11 and 17, I shall briefly explainthe theoretical nature of the chart or surface and its relation to the quantities to be measured.

In alternating current the relation between the electromotive force and the flow of current broadly may be represented by the curves shown in Fig. 9. The curve 1 which represents the electromotive force is shown in this case :(s leading the curve 2, which represents current by the angle e which in this case is shown as approximately In harmonic motion the angle passed over represents the time elapsed.

The relation between electromotive force and current may be indicated in vectors or polar coordinates as is shown in Fig. 10. In this figure the line OE represents the direction and value of the electromotive force and the line OI represents total current flowing. It will be seen that the vector OI lags behind the vector OE by the angle o.

Taking the line OE as a base line and ,vis-

ualizing the ex ression for power, namely, power equals E cos. up, we may assume that the vector OI which represents current is made up of the two components OX and XI. The component OX represents the inphase or power component while the vector OI represents the reactive or wattless component of current. The one wattmeter element will respond to the power com onent and the value of this component may represented by the line 4. The other wattmeter element is responsive to the reactive component and the value of this component may be indicated by the iine'3. Having predetel-mined the fact that these two components are at right anglesto each otherthe other functions of the triangle may readily be evaluated from the wel known laws of the se'quently the values of the two sides 3 and- 4 in absolute terms must be determined and employed to find the absolute value ,ofth

third side. While the actual measurement of power s concerned with the product of electromotive ower factor and this angle:

-force, and current, it will be noticed that the two wattmeter elements do in fact take into account the product of the particular component of current and electromotive' force and consequently the length of the sides 3 and 4 wil always be proportional to the product ofelectromotive force andthe particular component and as a result the length the value of the vector CI in terms of length ma be the same for a great number of di erent values of the angle :9 each particular position may be analyzed into the component OK and XI. However, as the means which I rovide is responsive to the components 0 and XI and the desired result is the value of the vector OI in terms of length, it is possible to ascertain the value of the length OI by graduating the chart in rectangular coordinate and to secure the appropriate value of the vector at all times.

Thus consider Fig. 17, and assume that the end of the vector will rest within one of the small squares as for instance the point. P. If the surface is divided into fine enough subdivisions, it will be seen at once that as accurate measurement may be secured as desired. Thus the point 1 is determined by the values in rectangular coordinate or the hypotenuse of a triangle having the sides of a length of three units and seven units respectively and the natural consequence is that the length of the h potenuse must be 7.62 units. Therefore, tlie value 7 .62 may be placed within the square designated.

The other functions of the triangle may be laced in the square if such information isdhsired. Thus, for instance, besides the value in kilovolt amperes there may be placed the value of watts, the value of the reactive component, and the cosine of the angle or power factor if desired.

,Thus, the chart shown in Fig. 7 is graduated in terms of the hypotenuse of the triangle determined by the two sides, the value of, which is reactive component and power component respectively. The chart may be otherwise graduated as above indicated. In Fig. 8 I have shown a chart for indicating the periodical values of KVA, of power factor and of KW.

In Fig. 8 the chart is shown as aduated in terms of KVA, power factor, K and reactive component.

In Fi 1' I have indicated diagrammatically a single phase transmission line L, connected by the wires 6-7 with the customers load 8, which ,may consist of any desired power consuming apparatus.

The two wattmeter elements 10and 11 are suitably connected to wires 6 and 7 to give indications of the power component and to the reactive component respectively. The

wattmeter elements 10 and .11 are the integrating type having the rotating elements 12 and 13 shown in dotted line. The coils 14 and 15 are connected in series with the supply means, and the pressure coils 17 and 18 are suitably connected across the mains 6 and 7, the wattmeter element 11 being provided with means which will provide a component operating at substantially 90 degrees to the electromotive force in the coil 17 of the meter 10. This means is indicated as the inductance 20 although any suitable constrnction of wattmeter element may be empleryed. he particular manner of constructing the wattmeter forms no part of the present invention and a detailed description of the same is, therefore not essential.

The rotatableelements 12 and 13 govern the normall open contacts 21 and 22, these contacts being closed at the completion of a revolution of the corresponding rotatable members, or any suitable part of a revolu tion thereof as may be desired.

I provide a common element controlled by the two wattmeter elements, in this case the cylinder 23, having motion in two di- "rections, namely, in an axial or longitudinal direction and in a rotary direction res ectively. These two motions are controlle by the wattmeter elements 10 and 11 respectively. The axial component represents the component lying along the line OX in Fig.

10, namely the power component, and the rotational motion is represented by the component lying on the line XI in the same figure, namely the wattless or reactive component.

The cylinder 23 is mounted upon a shaft 24 and is provided with the lifting ratchet 25 and the rotating ratchet 26, by means of which this cylinder may be moved axially and rotatatively respectively. The lifting ratchet 25 is provided with a holding pawl 27 and the rotary ratchet 2 6 is provided with a similar holding pawl 28. An actuating pawl member 29, operated by the solenoid 30 is controlled by the wattmeter element 10* to raise the cylinder 23 in step by step motion. T e circuit for the solenoid 30 15 formed as follows:

From the battery or source of current 31 through the wire 32 to the contact 21, wire 33 through the winding of the solenoid 30 126 and then back to battery over the wire 34. Thus for each closing of the contact 21 at the power wattmeter 10 the cylinder 23 will be advanced aiiially by one step. An operating solenoid 35 for rotating the drum is com 130 circuit: from battery 31 over the wire 32 through the contact 22', wire 37, through the winding of the solenoid 35 and back to battery 31 over the wire 38. It is thus apparent that the printing cylinder 23 is advanced one step rotarily for each closing of the contact 22 by the reactive wattmeter 11.

The holding gawls 27 and 28 respectively are controlle y the solenoids 3 9 and 40 re tively and these holding pawls are wit drawn periodically to reset the printing cylinder 23 for the'beginning of t e next period. In this connection it is to be noted that I provide a s rin 41 of the spiral t pe at t 'e lower en of t e shaft 24 through t e medium of a sleeve 42 which is keyed to the shaft 24, but which permits axial move-' ment of theshaft with respect to said sleeve. Thus, when the solenoids 39 and 40 are energized to withdraw the holding pawls 27 and 28 respectively the spring 41 moves the drum 23 back to its zero position with respect to motion of rotation and the weight of the drum and connected parts lowers the drum axially toits zero position with respect to V the axial motion.

. printing magnet 53 is energized to make a The solenoids 39 and 40 which control the resetting are in turn controlled by a suitable time controlled contact shown in this case as mounted on the disk 43. The disk 43 as 45. Thus whenever thecontact between the brushes-46 and 47 is closed the printing cylinder 23 is reset.

I have provided means for periodically recording the sition of the cylinder, and thereby recording the periodic value of the KVA. This record is made by means of the record strip of paper 48 which strip is fed from the sup ly roll 49 to the takeup roll 50. The feeding of this stri is controlled by a solenoid 1 and suite le pawl and ratchet mechanism 52 to advance the strips immediately after the lplrinting magnet 53 has been energized. T 53 and the paper feeding magnet 51 are connected in series and are controlled by the contact brush 54 and the rotary contact making disk 44 so that periodically the record of the reading of the cylinder 23, and the (paper feeding m at 51 is energized to a vance the pa er a r the printin op eration. I have s own the contact as provided with :numerous contacts for making frequent records of the readings of the cy inder 23, but it is to be understood that only one printing 0 eration may be performed for each perio and that pref-- efably at theend of the period just before the cylinder 23 is reset- The printing magnet 53 is provided with a to a three phase load'circuit.

e printing magnet printing platen as which is of substantially the same size as the squares or, rectangles rovided on the cylinder 23 so that onl the gure directly under the dplaten 55 w 1 be.

should be considerably increased. Where it i is desired merely to indicate and not to record, a stationary reference point ma be em loyed and the square or indication w ich is rou ht into register with the reference int t en determines the reading of the instrument. v

Instead of employing two release magnets 39 and 40 a single magnet may serve to release both of the holding pawls 27 and 28. While a cylindrical drum is preferable for reducing the sizeflof the apparatus, it is to be understood thata moving surface of any other character might be employed so long asthis surface has a motion in two directions with respect to the reference point and is suitably graduated or inscribed to give the proper values of KVA.

In Figs. 5* and 5 I have shown the manner of connectingthe device of m invention 11 this case the three phase load 68 is connected to the mains 61 through the leads 62. The ower watt meter element 10 is provided wit two current windings 63 and 64 respectively, and the two potentlal windings 65 and 66 respectively. These windings are connected in any well known manner to the leads 62 as by means of two current transformers 67 and 68 dis osed in series relation to the two hases of oad 60 and the potential transormers 69 and 70 re ectively connected across to the phases of t e load. The meter 11 which is responsive to reactive component is provided with two current coils 71 and 72 and with two pressure coi1s-73 and 74 respectively. The current coils 71 and 72 are connected in series with the secondaries of the current transformers 67 and 68. The pressure coils are connected so as to receive only a component at right angles to the flow of current.

The cylinder 23' shown in Fig. 5 is provided 'with indicating characters such as type for indicatingk and rinting not only the demand in KV for t e eriod, but also the power factor and the for the same period. The surface of the c linder 23' is t is apparent ald- ' vention. The platen 75 which strikes the the recording strip 48 the KVA demand for mains to secure the desired readings.

the particular period, the demand for the same period in KW and the power factor over that period. In other respects not above mentioned the system shown in Figs. 5 and 5 is the same as that shown in Fig. 1

s explained in my copending application the chart which forms the face of the drum may be constructed so that if the number of steps made by the actuating magnet is reater than the number of steps which the drum will permit, the drum will give indication of this fact so that error in the particular reading may be guarded against so that a larger drum may be provided for the particular installation where the same is necessary.

In Fi 6, I have illustrated the manner in which the pressure coils of the wattmeter elements, may be connected to the The pressure coils of the power wattmeter element 10 are connected across two phases of the line, but the pressure coils of the reacive wattmeter 11 are connected to the coils of the power transformer 77.

The particular manner of making the connections is not of the essence of the invention as it may be varied. Instead of connecting to the windings of the service transformers as indicated at 77, in Fig. 6, an artificial load may be provided through which connections may be made.

In Fig. 12, I have indicated diagrammatically a modification of a form of device shown in Figs. 5 and 5 in which totalizing counters for totalizing power com ponent, reactive component, and KVA are provided.

The numeral wheels and 130 have inscribed thereupon characters suitable for printing, these characters reading in terms of total power component or actual KW and in total reactive component respectively. The numeral wheels 80 are operated by the electromagnet 82 and carried with the vertical stepping magnet 30, so that for every operation of the vertical stepping magnet 30 another unit is added to the indication on the totalizer wheel 80, thereby registering continuously the increase in actual power consumed. In the same way the totalizer magnet 132 is arranged in series with the rotary stepping magnet 51 and serves to accumulate or totalize the amount of reactive component over av given time. I have provided further a K A totalizing drum, 126, which in principle is of the same character as the drums 20,-23' and the like, tarily by the stepping magnets 127 and 128 respectively. The stepping magnet 127 has a suitable pawl arrangement for engaging the axial ratchet 125 and the rotary stepping magnet 128 also has a suitable pawl for engaging the rotary ratchet 129.' The drum 126 and the ratchets 125 and 129 are suitably connected by a shaft 130, the result being that the drum 126 is capable of the same motions as the drum 23 or 23. The axial stepping magnet 127 is connected by a suitable circuit 131-152 to the battery 31 through the medium of the contact 153. These contacts 153 are subject to the action of the pin 154 which is operated in unison with one of the register wheels 80. Thus for a cycle of operations representing a certain amount of power component or KW the stepping magnet 127 will be operated a sin lgle unit.

he rotary stepping magnet 128 is controlled over a similar circuit 135,136 and contacts 137. The contacts 137 are adapted to be closed by the pin 138, which pin is connected to one of the numeral wheels 130, and closes the circuit 135136 for a cycle of operations representing a predetermined unit of the reactive component. The vector addition of the two components is thus effected by means of the c linder 126 which is a totalizer for KVA. his cylinder may be arranged to print its indication upon the record strip 48 if so desired, or a separate record strip 140, and a suitable printing magnet or other mechanism 141, may be provided. The

printing magnets 83 and 131' and the nected in series with the printing magnet 53 so that a simultaneous operation of printing may be caused. This printing operation takes place just before the paper advancing mechanism is operated, consequently each indication will periodically be printed upon a fresh surface. It is to be assumed that suitable connections for the integratin watt-meter elements 12 and are provi ed. For instance, as shown in F igs. 1, 5, and 6 or any other suitable or preferred connection may be employed.

The operation of a system will be a parent from the above description. Sn ce it to say that for each closure of the contact 21 b the power controlled meter element 12 tl ie vertical stepping magnet 30 Wlll raise the drum 23' by one complete step and similarly closing of the contact 22 by the Wattmeter element 13 will cause energization' of the rotary stepping magnet 35 to rotate the drums through a predetermined step. At the same time the register wheels 80 and 130 are advanced in unison with the vertical and rotary 'stepping operation. When a predetermined number of steps has printing magnet 141 if desired, may be conadapted to be operated axially and roaccumulated KW toget been made by the register stepping magnet 82 and 132, the corresponding stepping magnets 127 and 128 will be operated to trigonometrically combine the component upon the drum 126.

The ossibilities of this system are very great. t is possible to record individually or collectively all of the factors which enter into the calculation of electrical power.

At the same time the demands in KVA are integrated into a total over any given period or as a continuous accumulation.

The record strips which ma be made are shown in Figs. 13, 14, 18 an 19 in detail. It is apparent that any one or more of the quantities which are shown on this record strip may be omitted if desired and a record of the others only made. At the end of a given period as controlled by the time controlled mechanism and contact mechanism governed thereby, the circuit for the paper advancing magnet 51 and for the printing magnets 53 and 83 will be energied so that a record is made of the reactive component during a given period, the avera e power component during that period t e power factor during that period and the KVA during the period. At the same time the record of total power component and total KVA may be made if desired;

Fig. 13, shows merely the maximum demand in KVA and the accumulate such as would be recorded in a maximum demand meter and an accumulating meter reading in terms of KVA.

Fig. 14 records the same quantitites, together with KW durin the period and the er with the power factor during that eriod.

It will be notice that the demand may be stated in fractions, but the total may be stated in terms which are not quite the equal of the previous total, plus the periodic demand. This is due to the fact that the total is increased only when the pins 154 and 158 make complete revolutions. The result is that the periodic value is accurate to a higher degree'than the accumulated figure, although the degree of error is in terms of percentage not substantially different. The record strip may be given a suitable marking as shownat 160 in Figs. 18 and 19 to indicate the end of a period. Other suitable indications may he made upon the record if desired.

d KVA,.

In Figs. 15, 16, and. 20 I have indicated the manner in which the invention mabe applied to indicating instruments. In ig. 15, I have provided the stationar chart S5 with which chart the two movab e pointer 86 and 87 cooperate. The pointer 86 is moved in accordance with the instantaneous value of the power component or KW, a wattmeter element 90 being provided for this purpose. The indicator 87 is moved in accordance with the instantaneous value of the reactive component by means of the wattmeter device 91. The intersection 88 of the two pointers able indicator or reference point which cooperates with the chart 85 to give an indication of the value of instantaneous KVA. The chart may also upon the values of power factor for the corresponding position of the reference point. so that this instrument becomes a direct reading, instantaneous KVA and power factor meter. The wattmeteinelements 90 and 91 are of the Kelvin balance type have stationary current coils 92 and 93 respectively, and movable potential coils 94 and 95 respectively.

have inscribed there-.

86 and 87, forms a mov- The movable system of the wattmeter element 91 comprises a beam 96 mounted on a pivot 97 capable of rocking movement and this rocking movement is transmitted to a sliding rod 98 as by means of a rack and segment 99 and 100.- The indicator or pointer 87 is connected to the sliding rod 98 and is moved across the chart 85 in response to the variations in the instantaneous values of the reactive component of current flowing in the mains 6 and 7 The movable system of the wattmeter 90 is similarly connected to the sliding rod 104 to which the pointer 86 is attached.

The values of KVA which appear within the square of the chart 85 and also those which appear in the chart Figs. 7 and 8 and 8 may be mathematically determined as indicated in Fig. 17. Consider the point P which lies at the center of one of the squares as typical of all points within the square.

This assumption may e made as nearly correct as may be desired by decreasing the size of the squares. The point P lies a horizontal distance of three steps away from the Y axis and lies a vertical distance of 7 steps or units in a vertical distance from the X axis. The right angle triangle OX P which may then be constructed with the hypotenuse OP of a length which may be readily determined by the well known Pythagorean proposition. As the side OX is three units long and the side X P is seven units long the length of the hypotenuse may be taken as 7.62. The power factor may at the same time be determined as a cosine of the angle POX.

The values of KVA and of power factor may be determined in any other way as for instance graphicall if desired.

I have illustrate heretofore only rectanlar coordinates, but it is to be understood t at polar coordinates or a combination of both may be used as is indicated in Fig. 16

and 20. In'Fig. 16, I have shown the watt meter elements 110 and 111 which have the movable pointers 112 and 113, These pointers are moved b the potential coils 114 and 115 respective y. The movable potential coils cooperate with stationary current coils to give suitable readings of the instantaneous values of power component and of reactive component flowing in the line. Thus, for each position of the correspondi pointer there is a certain and fixed value 0 power component or reactive component as the case may be. Hence, for anyparticular point on the chart, such as the point Z, a correspondin value of power factor may be inscribed. Ihe value which is placed there will be-thelength of the vector extending from the zero point to the center of the s uare in which the point Z is located. ence, when the two pointers cooperate to give an indication of a point lying within the square as for instance the point Z, the value of t e position may be read directly from the chart. It is a parent that the chart may similarly be ca lbrated in terms of the other functions which go to make up the value of KVA.

In Figs. 19 and 20 I have indicated diagrammatically an embodiment in which the chart has a motion in one direction and a movable pointer 120 has a rotary motion with res ect thereto. In this case the watt meter e ement 120 moves the pointer 119 to a position corresponding with the value of the ower component fiowlng at a given time. he wattmeter element 121, which is actuated in response to the reactive component flowing at the same time, moves the chart 122 vertically a. proportlonate distance and the corresponding values of power factor may be read from the chart 122 as is apparent from Fig. 21. The chart 122 is sus ended on a arallel motion system of lin which'are plvoted at stationary points 123 and 124.

It is to be understood that where an unbalanced three phase system is connected the KVA indication is a summation of the three phases. The power factor indication will be an average indication of the three phases.

I do not intend to limit the invention to any particular form of apparatus other than as the same is specified in the following claims. For the purppse of my invention, it is immaterial whet er the surface itself may be moved or whether the reference oint be moved with respect to the surface. uch embodiment of the invention is ob viously intended to come within the scope of the appended claims. It is also apparent tha a partial movementof the surface and a partial movement of the reference point ;ma accomplish the same end, namely, that f ringing the proper indication or recordmg characterinto me with the reference point, so that an exact reading and recordlng may be made. I am aware that my invention'includes a, number of individually novel features in devices of this character, and I am, therefore, same.

I n laying out the chart, the indication whlch is applied to the unit field or facet is preferabl taken as the value of the central point. his corresponds to the average value of all points within the field. Any

other preferred method or scheme of fixing the v ues of the indications may be emplolyed. V

he unit'areas need not be uare. For

instance they may be oblon nsuch case the units in one dimension are greater than in the other dimension. 7

I have employed the term KVA as designating the unit of power which is to be measured. It will be understood that voltamperes or VA is strictly speaking the fundamental unit, but the multiple unit KVA is used commercially because it is more convenient.

' claim:

1. In combination, a line adapted to have current flowing therein, characterized by ,two variables, means responsive to one of making claim to the,

ion

said variables, selparate means responsive to v the other variab e and a common movable jointly controlled by said means for a vector sum of or periodically redevice measurmg and indicatin said variables and means settinlg said device.

2. n combination, a line adapted to have current fiowin therein, said current being characterized y two variables, inte ating means responsive to one of the variab es, inte rati means responsive to the other variab e, an a device jointly controlled by said variables for measuring the vector sum of said variables and formdicating the result in terms of KVA. Q

3. In combination, a line adapted to have current flo'win therein, said current being characterized by two variables, means responsive to one of the variables, means responsive to the other variable, and a device jointly controlled by said variables for measuring the vector sum of said variables and for indicating the result in terms of KVA, and means for periodically resetting said device.

4. In combination, a line adapted to have current flowing therein, said current being characterized by two variables, integrating meansresponsive only to one of the variables, integrating means responsive only to jointly by said means the other variable,

on the vector sum of the two variables, said chart being graduated in two dimensions and a third means coiiperating with ,the chart under the control of said first and said second means to select the corresponding value of the vector sum of said two variables.

6. In combination, a line adapted to have current flowing therein, said current being characterized y two variables, namely, in phase component and wattless component, means responsive to the in phase component, means responsive to the wattless component, and a chart having inscribed thereon a vector sum of the two variables, said chart being graduated in two dimensions, a third means coiiperatin with the chart under the control of said hrst and said second means to select the correspondin value of the vector sum of said two variables, and means for periodically resetting said chart.

7. The, method of indicating maximum demand in terms of KVA over a given period, which comprises integrating the mstantaneous values of the reactive component over said period into predetermined units, integrating the instantaneous values of the power component over said period into corresponding predetermined units laying out said units as they are comp eted upon a surface graduated in terms of the h tonnes of the right angle triangle formed by the two sides of a length corresponding to the units of reactive component and wer component, respectively, and indicatmg by the graduation nearest the oint so determined at the end of the perio the value of KVA which isthe vector summation of the inte ated values of reactive component and 0 power component.

.8. In combination a pair of meter elements responsive to difierent characteristics of an electric current, a common indicating element comprising a chart graduated in two dimensions, and a reference member, said indicating element being movable with respect to the reference member in two dimensions, said indicating element being subect to both meter elements, and ada ted to indicate the vector resultant of t e two characteristics over a 'given period of time.

9. The method of measuring and recording maximum demand in terms of KVA of an electric flow of power in a line with a surface graduated in twodimensions from .tor, a chart gra a zero point in terms of KVA, and a reference member, which comprises, summing up or integrating the instantaneous values of reactive component mined value, and when a unit is completed moving the surface and the member, relatively to each other in response thereto a unitary amount in a given direction with tion with reference to the zero point, whereinto units of predeten by said reference member and said chart at any time designate the desired vector summatron of the units, and at the end of a given period of time recording the position of the chart, relative to the reference member in terms of KVA.

10.. In combination, a pair of meter elements sensitive to diflerent characteristics of an electric current, a common indicating element comprising a chart aduated in two dimensions in terms of K A, and a reference pointilsaidindicating element being movable wit respect to the reference point in two dimensions, said indicatin element being subject to both meters emf adapted to indicate the vector sum or resultant of the two characteristics in terms of KVA.

11. In combination, an integrating meter responsive to a function of the power component flowing in a conductor, a second inteating meter responsive to a function of t e reactive com onent flowing in a conducuated in twq dimensions in terms of the vector summation of the two components, and reference means for selecting an indication on the chart, said reference means-and said chart bein relatively movable with respect to each ot er.

12 In combination, a line adapted to have current flowin therein, said current being characterized y two variables, means responsive to one of said variables, means responsive to the other of said variables, a 0 art member graduated in two dimensions into unit areas covering the surface thereof,-

a coiiperatin indicating member, each unit area of sai chart bearing thereupon, the vector sum of the two dlmensions which define the position of said area, one of said members being individually controlled by each of said means to bring the proper unit area in register with the indicating member to indicate the vector sum of the two variables.v

13. In combination, aline adapted to have current flowin therein, said current being characterized y two variables, means responsive to one of said variables, means responsive to the other of said variables, an indicating chart member comprising a series of contiguous facets extending in two dimensions. each facet having thereupon a numeral or indication of the average distance from the zero point of all the points in said facet. and a coiiperating indicating member, one of said indicating members being individually controlled by each of said means to bring the proper unit area in register to indicate the vector sum of the two variables.

14. In combination. a line. have current flowing therein, said current being characterized by two variables, means responsive to one of said variables, means responsive to the other of said variables, a chart member comprising a series of contiguous rectangles said surface having a zero point and each rectangle having an indication'thereon of the approximate distance of said rectangle to the zero point, a cooperating indicating member, one of said members being individually controlled by each of Said means to bring the proper unit area in register with the indicating member to indicate the vector sum of the two variables.

15. In combination. integrating means adapted to be responsive to the reactive component of power flowing in a line, integrating means adapted to be responsive to the power component flowing in said line, a third means comprising an indicatin surface graduated in two dimensions in accordance with the KVA which is the vector sum of the two components flowing in the line, and means cooperating with said graduated surface and adapted to be brought into register with the proper valuation on said surface to indicate K A, one of said latter two means being controlled jointly by the first two means to bring said surface and said last means into register.

16. In combination, an indicating element comprising a drum having its cylindrical surface graduated in two dimensions, means responsive to power component for moving the drum in one dimension, and means responsive to reactive component for moving the drum in the other dimension, and indicating means adapted to coiiperate with the drum and to be brought into register with the particular portion of the surface of the drum which indicates the vector summation of the two components.

17'. The method of indicating and recording maximum demand in terms of KVA over a given period which comprises integrating the instantan ous values of the reactive component flowing in the line during said period into predetermined unlts, integrating the instantaneous values of the power component durin adapted to said period into corresponding predetermined units, laying out said units as they are completed upon a surface graduated in functions of the two components and indicating the vector sum of the two components and making a record of the indicated sum so determined.

18. In combination, an element having a surface with indications thereon correspond-- mg to various values of KVA, means responsive to the power component of electrical energy flowing in a line and means responsive to the reactive component flowing in said line, both of said means cooperating with the element to cause an indication to be given of the vector sum and of thetwo components of electrical power flowing in said line.

19. In combination, means adapted to be responsive to reactive component of power flowing in a line, means responsive to the power component flowing in said line, a third means comprising an indicatin surface, graduated in accordance wit the vector sum of the two components in terms of KVA, said means being influenced by said first two means to give an indication of the )ower flowin in the line in terms of KV. vector, which is the vector sum of said two components.

20. In combination, means adapted to-be responsive to reactive component of power flowing in a line, meansv responsive to the power component flowing in said line, a third means comprising an indicating surface influenced by said first two means to give an indication of the vector sum of the two components, and means for periodically recording the reading of said indicating surface.

21. In combination, a line an element havmg an indicating surface, said surface being su divided into unit areas said areas bearing indications corresponding to the avera distance of points in each unit area from t e zero position of the surface, a first electrical means responsive to the reactive component in said line a second electrical means responsive to the power component in said lines, means for selecting a particular indication on said surface, said element bein adapted to be brought into register with said latter means by joint actionof the first and of the second electrical means to select there by the value of the distance of a, particular surface from the zero position in terms of K '22. In combination, a line an element havmg a surface provided with indications cor responding to values of KVA, means subject to the reactive component in said line for moving said surface in one direction onl means subject to the owcr component 1n said line for moving said surface in another direction only to bring a corresponding indication on said surface into register with a predetermined reference position.

23. In combination, a line an element having a surface provided with indications correspondingto values of KVA, means subject to the reactive component in said line for moving said surface in one direction only, means subject to the ower component in said line for moving said surface in another direction only to bring a corresponding indication on said surface into register with a redetermined reference position, and means or periodicall recording the indication which is broug t into register with the reference osition.

24. n combination, a line an element having a surface provided with indications cor responding to values of KVA, means subject to the reactive component in said line for moving said surface in one direction only, means subject to the power component in said line for moving said surface in another direction only to bring a correspondin indication on said surface into register with a predetermined reference position, and means for periodically recording the indication which is brought into register with the reference position, and means for resetting the surface immediately after the record has been made.

25. In combination, a line a first wattmeter element responsive to reactive component in said line, a second wattmeter element responsive to ower component in said line, a common in icating. element comprising a surface subdivided into unit areas bearing thereupon predetermined values of KVA; means responsive solely to the first wattmeter element and means responsive solely to said second wattmeter element, both of said latter means operating said common indicating element independently of each other to give a direct indication of the vector sum of the two components. 7

26. In combination, a line a first wattmeter element responsive to reactive component in said line, a second wattmeter element responsive to ower component in said line, a common in icating element, means responsive solely to the first wattmeter element and means responsive solely to said second wattmeter element, both of said latter means operating said common indicating element 1nof each other to give an indication of t ie vector sum of the two comp onents, and means for periodically recording the indication of said indicating element.

27. In combination, a line a first wattmedependentl ter element responsive to reactive component in said line, a second wattmeter element rek sponsive to power component in said line, a common indicating element, means responsive to the first wattmeter element and means responsive to said second wattmeter ating w1 h component flowing in sai element, both of said latter means, coiipersaid common indicating element to five an indication of power factor and of VA over a given period, said common indicating element bein duated in terms of power factor and K% 28. In combination, current flowing therein, said current being characterized y two variable components, movable means responsive to said two variable components, said means comprising an indicating surface graduated in'umt areas in two dimensions in terms of power factor and KVA.

29. In combination, a line adapted to have current flowin therein, said current being characterized y two variable components, means responsive to said two variable comonents said means comprisin an indicatmg surface graduated in two imensions in terms of power factorand KVA, and means for periodically setting said responsive means back to zero position.

30. In combination, a line adapted to have current flowing therein, said current being characterized by two variable com onents, two integrating means, each of sai means being responsive to one of said variable components only, a common movable means under the'control of said two integrating means, said common means being adapted to to have current flowm therein, said current being characterized y two variable com onents, two integrating means,

each of sai means being responsive to one of said variable components only, a common means under the control of said two integrating means, said common means being adapted to be ad vanced in accordance with the integrations of said integrating means, said common means comprising an indicating surface graduated in two dimensions in terms of the vector sum of the two variable components, said surface being also graduated in terms of power factor.

32. In combination, a line, a first integrating wattmeter element res onsive to reactive line over a given period, a second integrating wattmeter element responsive topower component in said line over the same period, a common indicating element, means responsive to the first wattmeter element, and means responsive to said second wattmeter element, both of said latter means cooperating with said common indicating element to give an indication of the vector summation of the two components over said given period, said indicating element being graduated over its entire surface a line adapted to have in terms of the trigonometric combinations of various values of components with each other.

33. In combination, a line, a wattmeter element responsive to reactive component in said line, a second wattmeter element responsive to ower component in said line, a common in icating element, said indicating element being graduated in terms of power factor, and of power component, means responsive to the first wattmeter element and means responsive to the second wattmeter element, both of said latter means eo6perating with said common indicating element to give an indication of power factor and of KVA.

34. In a device of the class described for combining two components lying at right angles to each other the combination of a surface which is subdivided into small areas each area being inscribed with the average distance of that area from the zero position, reference means cooperating with the surface, and means responsive to said component for moving the area and the reference means with respect to each other to bring the surface and the reference means into register to indicate the value of the vector sum of the two components.

35. An article of manufacture fou combining two trigonometric variables lying at rightangles to each other which comprises a surface graduated or subdivided into a plurality ofl small areas or facets, each facet having inscribed thereupon the value of the average distance of all points lying in the facets from the zero point.

36. In combination, a chart having numerous small areas laid out on rectangular coordinates, each of said areas having inscribed thereupon the average distance of all points lying within the area from the zero position, a reference member adapted to be brought into register with any particular area, means responsive to one variable for moving the reference point and the chart with respect to each other in one dimension and means responsive to another variable for moving the chart and the reference means with respect to each other in another dimension.

37. In combination, a line an indicating element graduated in terms of KVA, reference means adapted to coiiperate with, the indicating element to select the proper indication on said element, integrating wattmeter means connected to the line and controlling said indicating element to bring the indicating element andthe reference means into register for indicating the amount of power in terms of KVA which has passed through the line over a given period.

38. In combination, a line an indicating element graduated in terms of KVA, referencemeans adapted to cooperate with the indicating element to select the proper indication on said element,integrating wattmeter means connected to the line and controlling said indicating element to bring the indicating element and the reference means into register for indicating the amount of power in terms of KVA which has passed through the line over a given period, and means for resetting the indicating element with respect to the reference means at the end of the perio 39. In combination, a'line an indicating element graduated in terms of KVA, reference means adapted to cooperate with the indicating element to select the proper indication on said element, integrating wattmeter means connected to the line and controlling said indicating element to bring the indicating element and the reference means into register for indicating the amount of power in terms of KVA which has passed through the line over a given period, for periodically making a record of the indication of said indicating means.

40. In combination, a line means controlled by the power component of power flowing to the line, meanscontrolled by the reactive component of power flowing to said line, a surface having graduations in one direction corresponding to the power component and having raduations in another direction corresponding to reactive component, and having figureslying substantially at the intersections of said graduations, said figures corresponding to the length of the hypotenuse formed by the two components of corresponding values, a relatively stationary reference member, means controlled by said first means to move the surface and the reference member with respect to each other in the first direction and means controlled by said second mentioned means to move the surface and the reference member with respect to each other in said second direction.

41. In combination, a line means controlled by the power component of power flowing to the line, means controlled by the reactive component of power flowing to said line, a surface having graduations in one direction corresponding to the power component and having graduations in another direction corresponding to the reactive component, and havingfigures lying substantially at the intersections of said graduations. said figures corresponding to the length of the hypotenuse formed by the two components of corresponding values, a relatively stationary reference member meanscontroiled by said first means to move the surface and the reference member with res ect to each other in the first direction an means controlled by said second mentioned means to move the surface and the reference member with respect to each other 

